CORRECT DEFINITION APPROVED National Convention
of American Newspaper Guild decides to stop using the word "Jap."
1980
JAPANESE ARE SWORN AS CITIZENS
Following translation of the citizenship test into Japanese, 137 Issei
(first generation Japanese Americans) are sworn
in as US citizens in LA. Most had been residents for over 20 years.
National
Conference of the Asian/Pacific American Educational Equity Project
in Washington, D.C., to form national network of Asian and Pacific women's
organizations.
Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (set up
by Congress) holds hearings across the country and concludes the internment
was a "grave injustice" and that Executive Order 9066 resulted from "race
prejudice, war hysteria and a failure of political leadership."
1981
MAYA LIN DESIGNS THE VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL
While still an architecture student at Yale University, Lin entered
a national design competition for the proposed Vietnam Veterans Memorial
to be built in Washington D.C. Her entry was selected from 1400 others
when she was only 21 years old. The design featured two highly polished
walls of black granite set in a "V" shape inscribed with the names of
almost 58,000 dead or missing veterans of the Vietnam war. Lim's design
was chosen from 1,420 entries.
The
Vietnam veteran sponsors set four major criteria for the design. It must:
(1) be reflective and contemplative in character, (2) harmonize with its
surroundings, especially the neighboring national memorials, (3) contain
the names of all who died or remain missing, and (4) make no political
statement about the war.
Ms. Lin accomplished all of this. She created a park within a park - a
quiet protected place that harmonized with the overall plan of Constitution
Gardens. She chose polished black granite for the walls -- its mirror-like
surface reflects the images of the surrounding trees, lawns, and monuments.
The walls point to the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial to bring
the memorial into historical context. The names are inscribed in chronological
order from the date of casualty in order to present the war as a series
of individual human sacrifices and give each name its own place in history.
Ms. Lin describes the wall: "Walking into this grassy site contained by
the walls of the memorial, we can barely make out the carved names upon
the memorial's walls. These names, seemingly infinite in number, convey
the sense of overwhelming numbers, while unifying these individuals into
a whole."
CHOL SOO LEE IS ACQUITTED After spending nine years
in prison for a killing he did not commit, Korean immigrant Chol
Soo Lee was acquitted by a San Francisco jury.
1982
VINCENT CHIN IS KILLED! A young draftsman
named Vincent Chin
was attending his bachelor party at a suburban Detroit strip club called
Fancy Pants. With the party well underway, Ronald Ebens, a white auto
worker, began yelling racial slurs across the bar. "It's because of you
little motherf*ckers that we're out of work," witnesses later remembered
Ebens yelling at Chin.
Chin
struck Ebens and a fight ensued. Ebens' stepson, Michael Nitz - who had
been recently laid off from his job at an auto plant - jumped in. But
it was soon broken up by a parking attendant. Chin and his friends left
the bar and went their separate ways. Twenty minutes later, Ebens and
Nitz caught up with Chin in front of a fast-food restaurant. Ebens grabbed
a baseball bat and delivered a blow to Chin's leg. Nitz held the wounded
Chin while Ebens struck his head with the bat, bashing in his skull.
Before he slipped into a coma, Chin
murmured to a friend, "It's not fair." Four days later - and five days
before his wedding - Chin
died as a result of the injuries.
Ebens and Nitz were charged with and pleaded guilty to manslaughter. For
this, they each received a sentence of three years probation and a $3,000
fine. Later, federal civil-rights cases brought against the two defendants
were appealed, and the juries acquitted each of them. Neither served a
jail sentence.
For additional information, please visit our article on Vincent Chin
by clicking HERE.
1982
NAAAP IS FORMED
The National Association of Asian American Professionals
(NAAAP), is a non-profit 501(c)(3), all-volunteer organization whose
mission is to promote the personal and professional development of the
Asian American community.
Fred Korematsu, Min Yasui, and Gordon Hirabayashi file petitions to
overturn their World War II convictions for violating the curfew and evacuation
orders.
On Nov. 10, 1983, Patel ruled from the bench in the ceremonial courtroom she had opened to accommodate the crowds. She exonerated Korematsu and lambasted the government, which she said had based its decisions on "unsubstantiated facts, distortions and the (opinions) of one military commander whose views were seriously tainted by racism."
In her written opinion the following spring, Patel said: "As a historical precedent, it stands as a constant caution that in times of war or declared military necessity, our institutions must be vigilant in protecting our constitutional guarantees...that in times of distress, the shield of military necessity and national security must not be used to protect governmental actions from close scrutiny and accountability."
The ruling helped win a presidential apology and monetary redress for former internees.
But Patel's decision didn't take Korematsu vs. United States off the books, where, as dissenting Justice Robert Jackson had written in the original case, the court's validation of military orders "...lies about like a loaded weapon."
1983
KOREAN AMERICAN COALITION IS FORMED The Korean American
Coalition (KAC)
is a non-profit, non-partisan community advocacy organization. Established
in 1983, KAC's mission is to facilitate the Korean American community's
participation in civic, legislative, and community affairs, and encourage
the Korean American community to contribute and become an integral part
of the broader American society.
The Wah
Mee massacre was an incident on February 18, 1983, in which Kwan Fai
(Willie) Mak, Wai-Chiu (Tony) Ng, and Benjamin Ng gunned down 14 people
in the Wah Mee gambling club on Maynard Alley S. just south of S. King
Street in Seattle's Chinatown/International District ("the I.D.").
Thirteen of their victims lost their lives, but one survived to testify
against the three in some of Seattle's highest-profile trials ever. It
remains the worst
mass murder in the city's history, challenged only by the March 25,
2006, Capitol Hill massacre.
The Wah
Mee club (exclusive gambling and social club with high security)
operated illegally in a basement space in a predominantly Chinese neighborhood;
despite some street drug dealing and a bit of prostitution, the area
generally had a reputation for a low rate of violent crime. The club's
regulars included many wealthy restaurant-owners, several of whom were
among the victims. Security at the club
was based in part on a system of passing through multiple successive
doors, which had been used in similar International District gambling
dens for generations, and had usually been quite effective. Mak
and his accomplices defeated the system only because they were known
and trusted by the people at the club. Their presumed intent was to
leave no witnesses, since club patrons could readily identify them,
as, in fact, the one survivor did.
Aftermath On
February 24, 1983
Benjamin Ng and Willie Mak were charged with 13 counts of aggravated
first-degree murder. Wai-Chiu (Tony) Ng became the third suspect, charged
in absentia on March 30, 1983 with 13 counts of aggravated first-degree
murder. In August
1983 - Benjamin Ng was convicted of murder and sentenced to life
in prison. In October 1983, Willie Mak was convicted of murder and sentenced
to die.
On
June 15, 1984
- Tony Ng became the 387th Ten Most Wanted Fugitive to be listed by the
United States Federal Bureau of Investigation. He was arrested October
4, 1984 in Calgary, Alberta, Canada by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
Tony Ng was acquitted in April 1985 of murder, but convicted of 13 counts
of first-degree robbery and a single count of assault with a deadly weapon.
Each robbery charge brought a minimum sentence of five years, to be served
consecutively. Under the state's old sentencing guidelines, as Ng completed
sentences for each count, he began serving time for the next. In 2006
- Ng is now serving time for the next-to-last count and the state's Indeterminate
Sentence Review Board is considering granting Ng parole, which would allow
him to begin serving time for the final count. He could then be eligible
for release from prison in 2010.
On
February 17, 1987 - the Washington State Supreme Court issued a
stay of execution a month before Willie Mak's scheduled execution, but
on May 2, 1988 the state Supreme Court let Mak's murder conviction stand.
However, then on November 10, 1988 Willie Mak's execution was delayed
indefinitely by a federal judge. On January 8, 1991 U.S. District Judge
William Dwyer overturned Willie Mak's death sentence, saying Mak's attorneys
failed to present evidence on their client's background that could have
saved his life. On July 16, 1992 The 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals
refused to reinstate Mak's death sentence. On November 9, 1994 a King
County Superior Court judge denied Mak's bid for a new trial but allowed
prosecutors to hold a new sentencing hearing.
On
February 15, 2002, a King County Superior Court judge scheduled
a sentencing hearing for September 2002. On April 29, 2002 a King County
Superior Court judge (Judge Laura Inveen) ruled that Mak will not face
the death penalty because the 1983 jury wasn't asked to determine how
much of a role he had in the crime (i.e. A recent state Supreme Court
ruling of December 2000 about aggravated-murder accomplices meant that
he cannot be executed because the jurors weren’t asked whether
two factors made the case a capital crime – killing in the course
of a robbery and killing to conceal the robbers’ identities –
along with deciding if Mak was a “major participant” in
the murders.). On September 6, 2006, a parole board met to determine
whether Tony Ng should receive parole on his 12th robbery term. If given
parole, he would begin serving his 13th term, and be eligible for parole
and potentially freed in 2010.
TIMELINE
Feb.
19, 1983
Thirteen
people are shot to death by gunmen at the Wah Mee Club, a gambling
club in Seattle's International District. One man survives. Benjamin
Ng, 20, and Kwan Fai "Willie" Mak, 22, are arrested the
following day.
Feb.
24, 1983
Ng
and Mak are charged with 13 counts of aggravated first-degree murder
March
30, 1983
A
third suspect, Wai-Chiu "Tony" Ng, 26, is charged in absentia
with 13 counts of aggravated first-degree murder. Ng is arrested
a year and a half later in Calgary
August
1983
Benjamin
Ng is convicted of murder and sentenced to life in prison
October
1983
Mak
is convicted of murder and sentenced to die
April
1985
Tony
Ng is acquitted of murder but convicted of 13 counts of first-degree
robbery and is sentenced to seven consecutive life terms
Feb.
17, 1987
The
Washington State Supreme Court issues a stay of execution a month
before Mak's scheduled execution
May
2, 1988
The
state Supreme Court lets Mak's murder conviction stand
Nov.
10, 1988
Mak's
execution is delayed indefinitely by a federal judge
Jan.
8, 1991
U.S.
District Judge William Dwyer overturns Mak's death sentence, saying
Mak's attorneys failed to present evidence on their client's background
that could have saved his life
July
16, 1992
The
9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals refuses to reinstate Mak's death
sentence. The ruling entitles Mak to a new penalty hearing if King
County prosecutors decide to seek another death sentence
Nov.
9, 1994
A
King County Superior Court judge denies Mak's bid for a new trial
but allows prosecutors to hold a new sentencing hearing
Feb.
15, 2002
A
King County Superior Court judge schedules a sentencing hearing
for September
April
29, 2002
A
King County Superior Court judge rules that Mak will not face the
death penalty because the 1983 jury wasn't asked to determine how
much of a role he had in the crime
BACKGROUND OF WAH MEE CLUB The Wah Mee Club
was once a romantic, classy enclave where patrons -- the bulk of whom
consisted of semi-affluent restaurant owners and businessmen and -women
in the Chinese community -- danced to music played on a nickelodeon. It
was a place where hard-working Chinese Americans spent their off-hours
drinking and sharing stories. And it was undoubtedly a place where a lot
of money changed hands because it was host to some of the highest-stakes
gambling that could be found in Seattle and, for that matter, the entire
Pacific Northwest. The exclusive, Chinese-only members of the Wah Mee
Club were allowed to preserve an integral part of their culture -- gambling
-- all the while profiting police officers on the side.
The more popular bottle clubs in
Chinatown were the New Chinatown, Congo Club, Blue Rose, 411 Club, the
Ubangi, and the Wah Mee. All were hot spots for dancing, music, gambling,
and booze. Many of these clubs dated back to the early-1920s.
Entrepreneur and Asian legend Danny
Woo owned the New Chinatown, located less than a block from the
Wah Mee. In
1940 the Congo Club opened in Chinatown, at Maynard and Sixth Avenues.
The
Blue Rose, located near Chinatown, on Yesler Way and Thirteenth
Avenue, was a small, two-room house that doubled as a club. The
411 Club was located on Maynard Avenue, around the corner from the
Wah Mee and was a hot spot for some of the biggest names in jazz such
as Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong. The
Ubangi Club was a black-owned nightclub hosting some of the nation's
best jazz performers where Cab Calloway played mainly to a white clientele.
Another Chinatown club -- formally named the Hong
Kong Chinese Society Club -- locals aptly nicknamed the Club the
"Bucket of Blood" because of its recognition as a rowdy joint,
as well as the locale of a grisly murder after a police raid.
In many of these
Chinatown
clubs -- the New Chinatown, Congo Club, Blue Rose, the 411 Club,
the Ubangi, and the Wah Mee – patrons enjoyed booze, jazz, dancing,
Opium dens, prostitutes, casinos, and the daily lottery. And the Tokiwa
Hotel, located at Maynard Avenue South and South King Street, was a
residential nexus for starving jazz musicians who played the Chinatown
clubs.
In its early years, during the late-1920s, the Wah
Mee Club was called the Blue Heaven. As its name implied, it was
a place for dancing, drinking, gambling, and partying. The Wah Mee Club's
roster of members had always been a "who's who" of the Asian
community. The late John
Okada, a Japanese American writer who wrote the classic novel No-No
Boy, frequented the Club. His novel brilliantly explores the difficulties
of a young Asian American trying to find his place in the United States.
Okada based his novel's key gambling club on the Wah Mee -- a place
he frequented during the 1940s. In No-No Boy, the Wah Mee is renamed
"Club Oriental" and Okada's description of the Club is based
on the Wah Mee. Okada died of a heart attack in 1971. Another
Wah
Mee notable, a pillar in Seattle's Chinese community, was domineering
entrepreneur Ruby Chow. Ruby Chow was both praised and reviled. Chow
opened the first Chinese restaurant outside of the Chinese community
-- an area largely labeled African American. Her restaurant was popular
with white customers, most of whom were opera fans and knew that Chow
was married to Ping Chow, a celebrated opera singer and head cook at
her restaurant.
1983
HATE CRIME VS. VIETNAMESE STUDENT!
Vietnamese
high school student
Thong Huynh is stabbed to death in Davis, Calif., by a white student
after being taunted by a group of whites. The defendant, a minor, is convicted
of manslaughter.
1984
FIRST PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE IN NYC'S CHINATOWN Jesse
Jackson becomes the 1st presidential candidate to visit New York City's
Chinatown.
FYI - "CORAM NOBIS - In our presence; before us. The office of "writ of
coram nobis" is to bring attention of court to, and obtain relief from
errors of fact, such as a valid defense existing in facts of case, but
which, without negligence on defendant's part, was not made, either through
duress or fraud or excusable mistake, where facts did not appear on face
of record, and were such as, if known in season, would have prevented
rendition of the judgment questioned. The essence of coram nobis is that
it is addressed to the very court which renders the judgment in which
injustice is alleged to have been done, in contrast to appeals or review
directed to another court; the words "coram nobis", meaning "our court,"
as compared to the common-law writ of coram vobis," meaning "your court,"
clearly point this up."
1985
ELLISON ONIZUKA: THE 1ST ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN ASTRONAUT
As
an Air Force officer on detached duty with NASA, Onizuka was chosen to
serve on the first dedicated Department of Defense classified space shuttle
mission. He served as the mission specialist on STS-51-C from January
24-27, 1985 on the Discovery orbiter. The Challenger flight was his second
Shuttle mission. He
(along with Christa McAuliffe, Greg Jarvis, and Judy Resnik died on January
28, 1986 when NASA's Challenger exploded 1 min. 13 sec. after launch.
It was the United States' first in-flight tragedy.
The
STS-51L was the 25th mission of the Space Shuttle Program, and the tenth
of Space Shuttle Orbiter Challenger. Challenger, and her crew of seven,
was launched at 11:38am EST from Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex
39 Pad B. Approximately 73 seconds later, Challenger was destroyed as
a result of aerodynamic stress, killing all onboard. The cause was rooted
in the history of the Space Shuttle Program: The o-rings on the solid
rocket boosters could not properly seal at cold temperatures.
Ellison Shoji Onizuka (June 24, 1946-January 28, 1986) was born and raised
on Kona, Hawaii. He received a BS degree in Aeronautical Engineering in
1968 and a Masters Degree in 1969 from the University of Colorado. The
following year, he joined the U.S. Air Force and became a flight engineer.
Onizuka later attended the Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air
Force Base in California and was a test pilot. He has flown over 1700
hours on 43 different aircraft.
In 1978, he was selected by NASA for the astronaut program in 1978. He
has spent over 72 hours in space on two spaceflights. Onizuka became the
first Asian-American in space aboard Mission 51-C in 1985. This was a
Department of Defense mission. Onizuka was killed in the explosion of
the Space Shuttle Challenger on January 28, 1986.
Out of the seven astronauts' families, Colonel Onizuka's widow, Lorna
Onizuka, was the only survivor who did not file a lawsuit against Morton
Thiokol, the company which built the solid rocket booster (the one that
caused the explosion) for the death of her husband. Her explanation was
short and simple when the press querried her motive. Her husband chose
a career as a pilot. He piloted an experimental spacecraft (the Challenger)
and he died in the line of duty. It was not Morton Thiokol's fault, in
her opinion and she was sure her late husband would not want her to blame
anyone. He chose to live by the sword and he proudly died by the sword.
On June 2, 1985, an Asian man later identified as Charles Ng was seen shoplifting in San Francisco. He fled by the time police arrived, but Leonard Lake, who was with him, was arrested when his car was searched and found to contain a pistol that was illegally equipped with a silencer.
Charles Ng, with his buddy Leonard Lake, tortured, raped and murdered an unknown number of men, women and children at Lake's Wilseyville, California rural home that had been equipped with a fortified bunker which apparently was used solely as a holding cell for their victims.
Law enforcement authorities believe that up to twenty-five people were murdered by the pair, but only officially recovered twelve bodies. Detectives found videotapes of these two people torturing and sexually abusing their victims among the evidence found on the property.
In true "he-man" fashion, Ng ran away to Canada to avoid prosecution, and attempted to delay his trial proceedings when he was finally extradited back to the U.S. Convicted of eleven murders in 1999.
1985
IRENE NATIVIDAD - 1ST ASIAN PRESIDENT OF NATIONAL ORG.
Irene
Natividad became the first Asian to be voted as president of a national
political organization in the US - the National Women's Political Caucus
(NWPC). She was also chosen as one of the "100 Most Powerful Women in
America" by Ladies Home Journal. Her editorials have appeared in USA Today,
Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune and many other publications.
1986
1ST SURBURBAN CHINATOWN IN THE US
Monterey
Park, a small city east of Los Angeles, is identified as the first
suburban Chinatown in the U.S.. Center of activity for Chinese moves to
San Gabriel Valley. It's the start of the immigration eastward of the
Chinese communities as it starts in Monterey Park, proceeded to San Gabriel
and has extended to areas such as City of Industry, West Covina, Hacienda
Heights, Roland Heights and Puente Hills.
The first recorded meeting of a United
States President with a national Asian American organization. The Asian
American Voters Coalition met with President Reagan on January 9, 1986.
1986
PROTESTS IN BOSTON
200 Asian garment workers and their
supporters rally to demand training benefits to which they were entitled
after being displaced from their jobs at P&L Garment in Boston.
The U.S. House of Representatives
votes 243 to 141 to make an official apology to Japanese Americans and
to pay each surviving internee $20,000 in reparations.
100 Latino and SE Asian parents
protest against crowded, substandard schools, and sued for unconstitutional
segregation and denial of equal education opportunity.
1987
IVY LEAGUE ASU FORMED First Ivy League Asian
American Studies program established at Cornell U, with $100,000 budget
and staff of three.
1987
ANTI-ASIAN HATE ATTACKS IN NEW JERSEY
South Asian Navroze
Mody is murdered in Hoboken, N.J. by "dotbusters," as part of a series
of organized hate attacks designed to drive South Asians out of the area.
On August 10, 1988 - the House Resolution 442 was signed into law by President Ronald Reagan. It provides for a payment of $20,000 to each surviving Japanese American internee and a $1.25 billion education fund, among other provisions. It sought to address the sense of betrayal felt by Japanese Americans when FDR signed Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942. It forced 110,000 Japanese Americans to liquidate their assets on 3-day notice and relocate to remote prison camps.
The campaign to seek reparations was begun on July 10, 1970 by the western branch of the Japanese American Citizen's League. The campaign's emotional turning point came when 750 Japanese American witnesses recounted their experiences before the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. The first $20,000 redress payments were made on October 9, 1990 to 107-year-old Mamoru Eto and eight other elderly survivors.
The American Army, fearing a Japanese invasion, gained permission under the War Relocation Authority to forcefully move 120,000 people to internment camps. Most of these prisoners were American citizens. Some were released after July of 1943 after proving their loyalty to the United States, but most were detained until December of 1944. The last camp closed in 1946. Over two centuries later, (through the " Reparations
Bill" that was passed through Congress and signed into law by President Bush) the government issued $20,000 and a formal apology to each of the surviving WWII internees of all the camps. Read also about the National Japanese American Memorial in Hawaii that is being built in honor/memory of this tragic time in IS history. U.S. reaches agreement with Vietnam to allow political prisoners to emigrate to the U.S.
1988
AMERICAN HOMECOMING ACT
The U.S. Senate votes 69% to 27 to
support redress
for Japanese Americans. American Homecoming Act allows children in Vietnam
born of American fathers to emigrate to the U.S.
On August 10, 1988, President Reagan
signed a measure providing $20,000 payments to Japanese-Americans interned
during World War II.
1989
COALITION OF ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICANS IS FOUNDED
The Coalition
of Asian Pacific Americans was organized to: promote cooperation and understanding
among people of Asian Pacific American descent and among their representative
organizations; foster friendship among Americans of Asian Pacific descent
and others in the community; promote, represent, and advocate the interests
of Asian Pacific American communities; and promote education and awareness
of Asian Pacific American heritage. Now in its 20th year, CAPA still celebrates
the cultural richness and diversity of the Asian Pacific American community
and its contributions to the community at large.
JULIA CHANG BLOCH - 1ST ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN AMBASSADOR
Julia Chang Bloch's extensive international political career began
with the Peace Corps in 1964 where she taught English as a second language
in Manila. Some of her most important work came when she worked for the
Agency for International Development (AID). At AID, she reviewed the Somalia
refugee program and worked with the State Department. From 1989-1993 Bloch
was appointed by George Bush to serve as the US Ambassador to Nepal where
she oversaw Nepal's transition to democracy and initiated and directed
the Democracy Program and Initiative in support of the consolidation of
democracy in Nepal.
On June 13, 1989 - Chinese American Michael Chang become the youngest male to win a Grand Slam (17 years, 3 1/2 months, a record that still stands) and the first American man in 34 years to win the French Open. The grueling five-set final against 3rd-ranked Stefan Edberg lasted 3 hours and 41 minutes. When it was over, Chang had pulled off the year's second biggest upset by a score of 6-1, 3-6, 4-6, 6-4, 6-2. Just a week earlier Chang had flabbergasted the tennis world by pulling off the biggest: a 5-set 4th-round win over top-ranked Ivan Lendl. Michael Chang's 1989 French Open exploits made him the first Asian American to attain the status of a global sports superstar. The Hoboken, New Jersey native began his pro career at the age of 15 and went on to win 34 ATP career titles with earnings totaling over
$18 million before retiring on September 4, 2003.
1989
ANTI ASIAN AMERICAN VIOLENCE
Five Southeast
Asian grammar school children are killed in a Stockton schoolyard. 300
Samoans march in Carson to protest
the brutal beating of members of the Dole family by fifty Cerritos deputies.
Thirty-five people were taken into custody and booked on "suspicion of
unlawful assembly, failure to disperse and battery on peace officers".
1989
ANTI ASIAN AMERICAN LAWS
Vietnamese Fishermen's
Association of America brought a suit to stop the Coast Guard from selective
enforcement of the Jones Act which prohibits non-citizens from owning
or operating large boats in US waters.
1989
SOUTHEAST ASIAN CHILDREN ARE KILLED BY WHITE GUNMAN!
Patrick
Purdy fires 105 rounds from an assault rifle at students in an elementary
schoolyard in Stockton, Calif. in January, killing five Southeast Asian
children before shooting himself. Purdy reportedly blamed all minorities
for his failings.
1989
HATE CRIME SHOOTING! Ming
Hai Jim Loo, a Chinese American, is shot outside a pool hall in Raleigh,
N.C. on July 29. His two white assailants, Lloyd and Robert Piche, allegedly
shouted: We shouldn't put up with Vietnamese in our country. Robert Piche
is sentenced to 37 years behind bars; Lloyd's sentence is 4 years.
